U.S. coroner makes a new autopsy of Christ and explains, scientifically, what happened to his body during the ordeal
Deposition of Christ by Caravaggio
After his conviction Calvary, Jesus faces 18 hours of torture to death on the cross
Of responsibility, where the science is available to investigate the circumstances of the death of Jesus Christ, or to engage researchers and replicated by atheism or preconceived conclusions based solely on the theoretical foundations of biblical texts and can not reach practical results. The coroner American Frederick Zugibe, one of the most respected experts in the criminal world and professor at Columbia University, just to break that rule. He dissects the death of Jesus with the objectivity of scientific medicine, which ensured the impartiality of the study. Faithful and fervent Catholic, maintained throughout the work love, devotion and respect that Christ inspires you. Zugibe, 76 years old, joined science and faith and through half a century of his life working on the question of the true cause of death of Jesus. He wrote three books and more than two thousand articles on this topic, all published in specialized journals, in which was revealed as the crucifixion and what the physical consequences, from a doctor, the evils suffered by Christ during the excruciating 18 hours of their Calvary. Interest in the issue arose in 1948 when he was studying biology and disagreed in an article on the causes of the death of Jesus. Since then, no longer has to search and was reconstituted with the maximum possible fidelity the crucifixion of Christ. Never missed through the centuries, clinical hypotheses about the cause of his death. Jesus died before being suspended on the cross? He died when he thrust a spear in the heart? He died of a heart attack? The coroner Zugibe emphatic answer is "no." And certify the cause of death: Jesus died of cardiorespiratory arrest due to haemorrhage and loss of body fluids (hypovolemic shock), this combined with traumatic shock resulting from the physical punishment he inflicted. To arrive at this point is accurate, however, that before it describes and explains where each stage of their suffering.
Zugibe worked empirically. He used a wooden cross built in measures that correspond to historical information on the cross of Jesus (2.34 meters by 2 meters), selected to be suspended volunteers, monitored electronically every detail - all with eyes and senses of who was trained pathologist Chief of the Legal Medical Institute of New York for 35 years. The findings from this detailed research is now revealed in the book The crucifixion of Jesus - the surprising findings about the death of Christ in the vision of a criminal investigator, newly released in Brazil (Editora Idea and Action, 455 pp., R $ 49.90). "It was as if I were conducting an autopsy over the centuries," writes the author in the introduction of the work. It is a journey in which nobody goes unscathed - is religious, agnostic or atheist. The starting point is the Garden of Olives, where Jesus is given to the suffering that is approaching: condemnation, crucifixion and beaten. Bible reports show that at that time "his sweat turned into drops of blood that fell to the ground." A description (by the Apostle Luke, who was a doctor) match, according to the coroner, with the phenomenon of hematidrose, rare in medical literature, but can occur in individuals who are under great mental stress, fear and feeling of panic. The veins of the sweat glands are compressed and then rupture, and blood mixture is then the sweat that is expelled by the body.
Christ died in Andrea Mantegna
AFTER CROSS Jesus died of cardiorespiratory arrest
There is always the physical pain of Jesus, but his mental torment and suffering, according to the author, not usually remembered and recognized by Christians: "He was suffering from extreme mental anguish and it drained and weakened his physical strength to total exhaustion. "Zugibe quotes a passage of Scripture in which an apostle writes:" Jesus fell to the ground and prayed. "He notes that this is an indication of his extreme physical weakness, since it was an unusual Jewish kneel during the prayer . The lightness with which Christ is portrayed as is the Garden of Olives is a reflection of your physician fear and anguish: in situations of danger, the central nervous system is activated and blood flow is diverted to peripheral regions of the brain in order to sharpen the perception and allow for greater muscle strength. It is this diversion of blood that causes characteristic facial pallor associated with fear. But this was still only the beginning of the 18 hours of torture. After the sentencing, Jesus is violently beaten by Roman soldiers by order of Pontius Pilate, the prefect of Judea. To accurately describe the injuries caused by the scourge, Zugibe researched the types of whips that were used in the scourge of convicts. In general, they had three strips and each one had the edge pieces of bones of sheep or other pointed objects. The conclusion is that Jesus Christ received 39 switch (the Mosaic Law provided for the call), which is equivalent to 117 strokes in practice, because the whip had three points. The medical consequences of a violent beating as are bleeding, accumulation of blood and fluid in the lungs and possible laceration in the spleen and liver. The victim also suffers tremors and fainting. "The victim was reduced to a mass of flesh, exhausted and shattered, ANSI by water," says the coroner.
At the end of the whip, a crown of thorns was thrust to the head of Jesus, causing bleeding in the scalp, the face and head. Also in this section of the ordeal, however, concerns the explanation for autopsy. The crown that caused the body of Christ? The spines of nerve branches reached causing nagging pain when irritated. The medicine explained: the case of the trigeminal nerve on the front of the skull, and the great occipital branch in the back. The pain of trigeminal are described as the hardest to bear - and there are cases in which neither the morphine to alleviate them. In search of scientific accuracy, Zugibe was the museums of London, Rome and Jerusalem to ascertain the exact plant used in making the crown. Interviewed botanical and Jerusalem has seeds of two species of thorny shrubs. He plants in your home, they blossomed and grew. The researchers then concluded that the plant used to make the crown of thorns of Jesus was the thorn-in-christ Syrian, shrub common in Middle East and has thorns capable of breaking the skin of the scalp. After the punishment of "coronation", tied on the shoulders of Jesus the horizontal part of his cross (about 22 pounds) and hung on his neck the title, plate with the name and crime committed by Christ (in Greek, crucarius). This was followed by a walk so that the calculations of Zugibe estimated at eight miles. According to him, Christ did not load the entire cross, since the vertical pole used to be kept outside the gates of the city, the place where the crucificações. He classifies the "unlikely" the artistic representations that show the complete leading to cross, then that weigh between 80 and 90 pounds.
The fall of Christ, by Giovanni Tiepolo
The flogging of Christ by Caravaggio
RELIGION "In no time my book contradicts the scriptures. My studies only strengthened my faith in God, "says the coroner Zugibe
On reaching the place of his death, the hands of Jesus were nailed to the cross with nails of 12.5 cm in length. These objects drilled the palms of your hands, just below the thumb, a region where they spend the median nerve, which generate much pain when injured. Already attached to the horizontal beam, and that Christ was suspended beam, embedded in the vertical pole. The feet of Jesus were nailed to the cross, next to each other, not over - again, contrary to the art and the images were for centuries. The nails drilled the plantar nerves, causing pain and continual nagging.
Stuck to the Cross, Christ began to suffer severe physical impacts. To know them in detail, the coroner reconstructed the crucifixion with volunteers assisted by medical equipment. The volunteers were between 25 and 35 years and included physical monitoring electrocardiogram, measurement of pulse and blood pressure. Electrodes were glued to the cardiac chest of the volunteers and the related instruments to test the stress and the heart beats. All volunteers reported that it was impossible to pull back on the cross. They felt strong cramps, sleeps the calves and thighs and the body arched in an attempt to stretch the legs.
Deposition of Christ by Caravaggio
After his conviction Calvary, Jesus faces 18 hours of torture to death on the cross
Of responsibility, where the science is available to investigate the circumstances of the death of Jesus Christ, or to engage researchers and replicated by atheism or preconceived conclusions based solely on the theoretical foundations of biblical texts and can not reach practical results. The coroner American Frederick Zugibe, one of the most respected experts in the criminal world and professor at Columbia University, just to break that rule. He dissects the death of Jesus with the objectivity of scientific medicine, which ensured the impartiality of the study. Faithful and fervent Catholic, maintained throughout the work love, devotion and respect that Christ inspires you. Zugibe, 76 years old, joined science and faith and through half a century of his life working on the question of the true cause of death of Jesus. He wrote three books and more than two thousand articles on this topic, all published in specialized journals, in which was revealed as the crucifixion and what the physical consequences, from a doctor, the evils suffered by Christ during the excruciating 18 hours of their Calvary. Interest in the issue arose in 1948 when he was studying biology and disagreed in an article on the causes of the death of Jesus. Since then, no longer has to search and was reconstituted with the maximum possible fidelity the crucifixion of Christ. Never missed through the centuries, clinical hypotheses about the cause of his death. Jesus died before being suspended on the cross? He died when he thrust a spear in the heart? He died of a heart attack? The coroner Zugibe emphatic answer is "no." And certify the cause of death: Jesus died of cardiorespiratory arrest due to haemorrhage and loss of body fluids (hypovolemic shock), this combined with traumatic shock resulting from the physical punishment he inflicted. To arrive at this point is accurate, however, that before it describes and explains where each stage of their suffering.
Zugibe worked empirically. He used a wooden cross built in measures that correspond to historical information on the cross of Jesus (2.34 meters by 2 meters), selected to be suspended volunteers, monitored electronically every detail - all with eyes and senses of who was trained pathologist Chief of the Legal Medical Institute of New York for 35 years. The findings from this detailed research is now revealed in the book The crucifixion of Jesus - the surprising findings about the death of Christ in the vision of a criminal investigator, newly released in Brazil (Editora Idea and Action, 455 pp., R $ 49.90). "It was as if I were conducting an autopsy over the centuries," writes the author in the introduction of the work. It is a journey in which nobody goes unscathed - is religious, agnostic or atheist. The starting point is the Garden of Olives, where Jesus is given to the suffering that is approaching: condemnation, crucifixion and beaten. Bible reports show that at that time "his sweat turned into drops of blood that fell to the ground." A description (by the Apostle Luke, who was a doctor) match, according to the coroner, with the phenomenon of hematidrose, rare in medical literature, but can occur in individuals who are under great mental stress, fear and feeling of panic. The veins of the sweat glands are compressed and then rupture, and blood mixture is then the sweat that is expelled by the body.
Christ died in Andrea Mantegna
AFTER CROSS Jesus died of cardiorespiratory arrest
There is always the physical pain of Jesus, but his mental torment and suffering, according to the author, not usually remembered and recognized by Christians: "He was suffering from extreme mental anguish and it drained and weakened his physical strength to total exhaustion. "Zugibe quotes a passage of Scripture in which an apostle writes:" Jesus fell to the ground and prayed. "He notes that this is an indication of his extreme physical weakness, since it was an unusual Jewish kneel during the prayer . The lightness with which Christ is portrayed as is the Garden of Olives is a reflection of your physician fear and anguish: in situations of danger, the central nervous system is activated and blood flow is diverted to peripheral regions of the brain in order to sharpen the perception and allow for greater muscle strength. It is this diversion of blood that causes characteristic facial pallor associated with fear. But this was still only the beginning of the 18 hours of torture. After the sentencing, Jesus is violently beaten by Roman soldiers by order of Pontius Pilate, the prefect of Judea. To accurately describe the injuries caused by the scourge, Zugibe researched the types of whips that were used in the scourge of convicts. In general, they had three strips and each one had the edge pieces of bones of sheep or other pointed objects. The conclusion is that Jesus Christ received 39 switch (the Mosaic Law provided for the call), which is equivalent to 117 strokes in practice, because the whip had three points. The medical consequences of a violent beating as are bleeding, accumulation of blood and fluid in the lungs and possible laceration in the spleen and liver. The victim also suffers tremors and fainting. "The victim was reduced to a mass of flesh, exhausted and shattered, ANSI by water," says the coroner.
At the end of the whip, a crown of thorns was thrust to the head of Jesus, causing bleeding in the scalp, the face and head. Also in this section of the ordeal, however, concerns the explanation for autopsy. The crown that caused the body of Christ? The spines of nerve branches reached causing nagging pain when irritated. The medicine explained: the case of the trigeminal nerve on the front of the skull, and the great occipital branch in the back. The pain of trigeminal are described as the hardest to bear - and there are cases in which neither the morphine to alleviate them. In search of scientific accuracy, Zugibe was the museums of London, Rome and Jerusalem to ascertain the exact plant used in making the crown. Interviewed botanical and Jerusalem has seeds of two species of thorny shrubs. He plants in your home, they blossomed and grew. The researchers then concluded that the plant used to make the crown of thorns of Jesus was the thorn-in-christ Syrian, shrub common in Middle East and has thorns capable of breaking the skin of the scalp. After the punishment of "coronation", tied on the shoulders of Jesus the horizontal part of his cross (about 22 pounds) and hung on his neck the title, plate with the name and crime committed by Christ (in Greek, crucarius). This was followed by a walk so that the calculations of Zugibe estimated at eight miles. According to him, Christ did not load the entire cross, since the vertical pole used to be kept outside the gates of the city, the place where the crucificações. He classifies the "unlikely" the artistic representations that show the complete leading to cross, then that weigh between 80 and 90 pounds.
The fall of Christ, by Giovanni Tiepolo
The flogging of Christ by Caravaggio
RELIGION "In no time my book contradicts the scriptures. My studies only strengthened my faith in God, "says the coroner Zugibe
On reaching the place of his death, the hands of Jesus were nailed to the cross with nails of 12.5 cm in length. These objects drilled the palms of your hands, just below the thumb, a region where they spend the median nerve, which generate much pain when injured. Already attached to the horizontal beam, and that Christ was suspended beam, embedded in the vertical pole. The feet of Jesus were nailed to the cross, next to each other, not over - again, contrary to the art and the images were for centuries. The nails drilled the plantar nerves, causing pain and continual nagging.
Stuck to the Cross, Christ began to suffer severe physical impacts. To know them in detail, the coroner reconstructed the crucifixion with volunteers assisted by medical equipment. The volunteers were between 25 and 35 years and included physical monitoring electrocardiogram, measurement of pulse and blood pressure. Electrodes were glued to the cardiac chest of the volunteers and the related instruments to test the stress and the heart beats. All volunteers reported that it was impossible to pull back on the cross. They felt strong cramps, sleeps the calves and thighs and the body arched in an attempt to stretch the legs.
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